Ukraine will need more than a billion dollars to rebuild scientific infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during two years of Russia's war on its neighbour, the United Nations' cultural and scientific agency said on Monday.

More than 1,443 scientific facilities, many attached to the country's universities, have been damaged or destroyed along with 750 pieces of vital technical equipment, most of which is beyond repair, UNESCO said in a report released Monday.

The war, now in its third year, has also depleted the science sector of funds and dispersed Ukraine's scientists, displacing many within the country and sending others into exile.

The situation around the Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants, near the Russia-occupied Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine's southeast, is of particular concern, the report said. The institute's essential equipment for monitoring the nuclear industry has been stolen or destroyed, representing a safety threat in the region and beyond, the report said.

Before the war, Ukraine was internationally known for significant contributions in computer science, nuclear physics and astronomy, among other areas.

“We must protect and support (scientific) research in Ukraine,” UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay said. She added: “Scientists, engineers and other experts will be essential to the country's recovery.”

A total of 1,443 buildings belonging to 177 scientific institutions have been damaged or destroyed in the war. Restoring these facilities will cost more than USD 1.21 billion – including USD 980.5 million for universities that have sustained the brunt of damage, the report said. The total cost to restore essential research equipment is estimated at USD 45.9 million.

Since the start of the war, some 10,429 scientists working in the public research sector have been internally displaced or exiled. Of 5,542 scientists who have fled the country, Germany and Poland host the largest number of them. Before the war, Ukraine employed 88,629 scientists.

Last month, UNESCO estimated that Ukraine's interlinked culture and tourism sector have lost over $19 billion in revenue during the war that started on February 24, 2022. The agency said the fighting has damaged 341 cultural sites across Ukraine, including in Ukraine's capital, Kyiv, and in the cities of Lviv in the west and Odesa in the south.

Ukraine will need nearly $9 billion over the next decade to rebuild its cultural sites and tourism industry following Russia's invasion and war, according to the UN agency's estimates.